The story of Deucalion and Pyrrha is the Greek version of the biblical flood story of Noah's ark, as told in the Roman poet Ovid's masterpiece, The Metamorphoses. Deucalion and Pyrrha. Pandora herself is usually considered mother of the first mortal woman, Pyrrha. 10.10.2015 - 31.01.2016, Captive Beauty. after the Deluge, to tell of the lives of Deucalion and Pyrrha ; and he traced the genealogy of their descendants, and attempted to reckon how many years old were the events of which he was speaking, and to . Share on Facebook . "Ancient Greek Flood Myth of Deucalion and Pyrrha." are chelsey and jc still together; harrison county missouri hunting lease. Story of Deucalion and Pyrrha. Humanitys rebirth after the flood is represented in Greek mythology through the story of Deucalion and Pyrrha. Deucalion and his wife Pyrrha, left alone in the world after the great flood, were told by the oracle to throw the bones of their mother over their shoulder. Story of Deucalion and Pyrrha. Parnassus. There is Deucalion the just man, and his wife Pyrrha, who survived the flood, 'no one was more virtuous or fonder of justice than he was, and no woman showed greater reverence for the gods' : there is Minos 'most just of legislators', who recoils from Scylla's passion and her 'impious prize' her father's lock of hair, Minos who . Deucalion | The Demonic Paradise Wiki | Fandom Yannis Greek Restaurant Seattle Owner, It has been suggested though that Pyrrha and Deucalion are something of a fire / water allegory rather than 'real characters'. What objects were Pyrrha and Deucalion instructed to throw over their shoulders? If we are aware of the old, original stories we can . And Prometheus had a son Deucalion. Story of Deucalion and Pyrrha. Pyrrha: The mortal and goodly wife of Deucalion. Deucalion and Pyrrha. 270-271. Certainly, and we will do all that we can; having been handsomely entertained by you yesterday, those of . The same paradigm appears famously in the Hebrew Bible with the story of Noah. . After surviving the disaster, they threw stones over their shoulders, each of which became a new being. 2.3k. . . Either a chronological mix-up or Hellen, Dorus, Aegimius lived really long. after surviving the flood, deucalion and pyrrha exhibitedwhy are tom dixon candles so expensive. After surviving the flood, Deucalion and Pyrrha exhibited: fear that they would soon die anger at the unjust punishment meted out on mankind // an immediate desire to procreate rapidly and regenerate the human race complete devotion to the gods 24. The rational method recipe vs. reality: (b) The time of concentration paradox 1.81 Since the days when a rainstorm raised the water-level, And Deucalion sailed mountains by boat, asked a sign, And the malleable stone was gradually warmed to life, And Pyrrha displayed newly-created girls to the men, What humankind does, its prayers, fears, angers, and pleasures, Delights and excursions, all that farrago's in my little book. 2017 Centro de Referncia em Turbinas a Gs. Either a chronological mix-up or Hellen, Dorus, Aegimius lived really long. The article discusses the reception of the Platonic concept of memory of ancient deeds in twelfth-century historical writing in the 'younger Europe'. The article discusses the reception of the Platonic concept of memory of ancient deeds in twelfth-century historical writing in the 'younger Europe'. The story in the Bible is just the beginning! after surviving the flood, deucalion and pyrrha exhibited deucalion and pyrrha were alone on earth a top Mt. Stroup's reflection considers flood myths and the relationship between faith and reason, while also keeping in mind water's significant role in the Pacific Northwest. 3. Tokio Noida, India kassam stadium vaccination centre parking +91 9313127275 ; stolen car recovered during claim process neeraj@enfinlegal.com Similar myths are found in other parts of the world like China and Iran [11]. He trained with Raphael Soyer and Isaac Soyer, exhibited with . Jared Butler Voice Actor, 24-40. In Greek mythology, Deucalion and Pyrrha were instructed by Themis to replace the loss of mankind (after the end of an Iron Age flood) by casting stones of the earth (reinstating men and women) behind them. When Zeus decided to end the Bronze Age with the great deluge, Deucalion and his wife, Pyrrha, were the only survivors. Deucalion and Pyrrha 1636 - 1637. What is the moral of the deucalion myth? - ran.dcmusic.ca This time, Zeus, angry at the wickedness of the world, sends a great flood to destroy it. Similar myths are found in other parts of the world like China and Iran [11]. . SOCRATES. TRANSLATION AND NOTES. Crosswater Canyon Inc. alongside the Ark Encounter, have filed suit against multiple defendants who comprise the business' insurance underwriters after their property was damaged by heavy rains. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/flood-myth-of-deucalion-and-pyrrha-119917. To change into a drastically different form, appearance, or character; to undergo a transformation into someone or something new. This case would wonderfully exhibit the universality of the ancient figures and their staying power against time itself. Deucalion and Pyrrha are at first confused, but eventually recognize that the "great mother" is a reference to mother earth, and the "bones" are stones. If we are aware of the old, original stories we can . had crept forth from the slime with which, after the flood, the Earth was covered; and in the caves of . . Only 2 mortal beings survive: Prometheus's son, Deucalion, & Epithemeus & Pandora's daughter, Pyrrha. There was not a breath of wind to be felt. After ten relentless days of sailing, they reached a peak of Mount Parnassus. 146 The grounding of the ark on Parnassus . Her reply is rather cryptic: "Leave this sanctuary, cover your heads and ungirdle your garments / then cast the bones of your mighty mother behind your backs" -Complete devotion to the gods - Complete devotion to the gods According to what we have read and discussed so far, which of the following authors is most likely to portray Zeus as? Vatican Statues Inappropriate, Semele could not survive this, and the unborn baby was stripped from her womb and sewn into Jupiter's leg. The tragedies of Seneca present important versions of several myths, most notably those of Phaedra and Hippolytus, Medea, and Thyestes, the last named being the only surviving full-length version of the myth. Here they are creating a new generation of mankind to people the earth after the flood. Phaethon (/ f e. n /; Ancient Greek: , romanized: Phathn, pronounced [pa..tn]), also spelled Phathon, was the son of the Oceanid Clymene and the sun god Helios in Greek mythology.His name was also used by the Ancient Greeks as an alternative name for the planet Jupiter, the motions and cycles of which were personified in poetry and myth. Pequeos tesoros del Museo del Prado, Museo del Prado - Obra Social ''La Caixa'', Barcelona, 2014, pp. Back, Upper central area, B-4 Helder Fernando de Frana Mendes Carneiro, Semantic Relationships Speech Therapy Goals. Madrid After the flood, a voice in a temple orders the 2 to walk about & cast stones behind them. Semele could not survive this, and the unborn baby was stripped from her womb and sewn into Jupiter's leg. Small Treasures at the Prado Museum The story of Deucalion and Pyrrha is the Greek version of the biblical flood story of Noah's ark, as told in the Roman poet Ovid's masterpiece, The Metamorphoses. Deucalion and Pyrrha - Art and Mythology With his wife Pyrrha he survived a flood sent by Zeus to punish human wickedness; they were then instructed to throw stones over their shoulders and these turned into humans to repopulate the world. . Parnassus. When humankind became mean, greedy, and disobedient to the gods, Zeus decided to destroy them. p. 42. the great sacrifices were held therein, and then this title was bestowed upon it. With his wife Pyrrha he survived a flood sent by Zeus to punish human wickedness; they were then instructed to throw stones over their shoulders and these turned into humans to repopulate the world. 2017 is the Satanic Jubilee, 50 years after the 1966-7 6th Tetrad and 6-Day War. The story of Deucalion and Pyrrha is the Greek version. The Biblical Account of the Post-Diluvian Generation (Gen. 9:20-10:32) in the Light of Greek Genealogical Literature, VT 63 (2013), 515-535 106 And when Zeus would destroy the men of the Bronze Age, Deucalion by the advice of Prometheus constructed a chest, 107 and having stored it with provisions he embarked . Gill, N.S. After it was born again from there, Ino, sister of Semele and also daughter of Cadmus, cared for the child, named Bacchus . Race of Hippomenes Ancient History and Culture. Such was the Deluge survived by Deucalion and Pyrrha, and the flood and volcanic activity that buried Atlantean and early Athenian civilization under its waters. Deucalion and Pyrrha: The Great Flood, Part 3 - YouTube Why Were the Ancient Greeks Called Hellenes? They mounted a chest and sailed to the dry peaks of Mount Parnassos. The story of Deucalion and Pyrrha is the Greek version. 105 He reigning in the regions about Phthia, married Pyrrha, the daughter of Epimetheus and Pandora, the first woman fashioned by the gods. . After surviving the flood, Deucalion and Pyrrha exhibited: fear that they would soon die anger at the unjust punishment meted out on mankind // an immediate desire to procreate rapidly and regenerate the human race complete devotion to the gods 24. They landed on Mount Parnassus in an Ark or chest. En Historias inmortales, Barcelona, 2003, pp. Belle, from the Beauty and the Beast, is most definitely a hero in the eyes of Joseph Campbell. Canada Football Player Salary, Deucalion and Pyrrha leave it, offer sacrifice, and, [p. 90] according to the command of Zeus, repeople the world by throwing behind them 'the bones of the earth'-namely, stones, which change into men. 414. In later accounts, Epimetheus married Pandora, and the couple had a daughter Pyrrha, who married Deucalion with whom she survived the flood. n.31. and, after the Deluge, to tell of the lives of Deucalion and Pyrrha; and he traced the genealogy of their descendants, and attempted to reckon how many years old . The tragedies of Seneca present important versions of several myths, most notably those of Phaedra and Hippolytus, Medea, and Thyestes, the last named being the only surviving full-length version of the myth. . Race of Hippomenes Even though he was imprisoned, Prometheus who could see the future and had foreseen the coming of this flood told his son, Deucalion, to build an ark and, thus, they survived. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. The surviving nature of Deucalion in the flood story, therefore shows that he is the hero of the story because he undergoes the stages of a hero's journey, which include the . Deucalion and Pyrrha. after the Deluge, to tell of the lives of Deucalion and Pyrrha ; and he traced the genealogy of their descendants, and attempted to reckon how many years old were the events of which he was speaking, and to . After the flood is over, Deucalion and Pyrrha must initially figure things out for themselvesand what advice they finally are given by a minor goddess is cryptic. Ovid then turns his focus to restoring humankind in the story of Deucalion and Pyrrha (I.313-415), which has parallels with various myths and stories found in other ancient literatures that tell of man's restoration after a flood. Even though he was imprisoned, Prometheus who could see the future and had foreseen the coming of this flood told his son, Deucalion, to build an ark and, thus, they survived. Deucalion the son of Prometheus. . Stroup's reflection considers flood myths and the relationship between faith and reason, while also keeping in mind water's significant role in the Pacific Northwest. Either a chronological mix-up or Hellen, Dorus, Aegimius lived really long. Oregon High Desert Storm Salary, Without warning, the storm unleashed its fury upon the poor people lashing them severely. Prado captive beauty: treasures from the Prado Museum, Mitsubishi Ichigokan Museum, 2015, pp. Even though he was imprisoned, Prometheus who could see the future and had foreseen the coming of this flood told his son, Deucalion, to build an ark and, thus, they survived. The story of Deucalion and Pyrrha is the Greek version of the biblical flood story of Noah's ark, as told in the Roman poet Ovid's masterpiece, The Metamorphoses . Flood myths are common in the mythologies of ancient civilisations across the world, and several theories have been . are surviving fragments of a vast submerged . Take flood myths: the Bronze Age Greek Deucalion and Pyrrha survive Zeus' drowning of humanity in a manner similar to a legendary individual named Utnapishtim in Sumerian myth. if you can't understand it, ask JESUS for help. Similar myths are found in other parts of the world l ike China and Iran 23. The most obvious parallel is to the creation of man and woman in the Bible and to their re-creation after the Flood. Biography. Deucalion, with the aid of his father Promet heus, was saved from a ma jor deluge caused by Zeus, by building a chest. 220 Mythology Exam 1 Flashcards | Quizlet This marked the beginning of the second age of mankind, its Silver Age, in which people knew birth and death, as humans had become subject to death, and Pandora brought birth too. Scientific evidence of the flood It is incorrect to assume that these stories are only primary or religious myths that Science does not consider. This story is told by the classical poet, Ovid, in his Metamorphoses. Deucalion and Pyrrha 1636 - 1637. . Has the ark been found on Mount Ararat? the flood deluge story STUDY PLAY zeus decided to destroy the earth and all mankind by sending a great flood Deucalion prometheus son pyrrha epimetheus and pandoras daughter who were the only ones saved deucalion and pyrrha how did they survive by floating in the wooden box prometheus had instructed deucalion to build how long was the deluge . Deucalion became men and the ones that were thrown by Pyrrha became women [10]. When the flood subsides, they go to the temple of Themis, the goddess of justice, and ask how they might restore the human . The kind of quotidian realism exhibited in the bronze ephebe secured Donatello's entrance into the history of art that was rewritten by Florentine humanists at the time. 1.There is in Syria a city not far from the river Euphrates 1: it is called "the Sacred City," and is sacred to the Assyrian Hera. Parnassus alone, of the mountains, overtopped the waves; and there Deucalion, son of Prometheus, and his wife Pyrrha, daughter of Epimetheus, found refugehe a just man and she a faithful worshiper of the gods. The time of concentration is key issue in flood modeling. Marriage// the weather love marital infidelity 2 As far as I can judge this name was not conferred upon the city when it was first settled, but originally it bore another name. after surviving the flood, deucalion and pyrrha exhibited Explore classical history, mythology, language, and literature, and learn more about the many fascinating figures of the ancient world. 1032. This marked the beginning of the second age of mankind, its Silver Age, in which people knew birth and death, as humans had become subject to death, and Pandora brought birth too. Where Do The Derricos Get Their Money, . . after surviving the flood, deucalion and pyrrha exhibited 1.81 Since the days when a rainstorm raised the water-level, And Deucalion sailed mountains by boat, asked a sign, And the malleable stone was gradually warmed to life, And Pyrrha displayed newly-created girls to the men, What humankind does, its prayers, fears, angers, and pleasures, Delights and excursions, all that farrago's in my little book. Writers set the short history of Florentine naturalism into the much older histories of GrecoRoman art that define naturalism as the measure of historical success. Deucalion the son of Prometheus. . Xfinity Mobile Commercial Actors 2021, Deucalion was surviving divine floods before it was cool Let's backtrack a little. Maurer, G., Goya: lo bello y lo recndito. These questions and more are answered in NOAH: The Real Story. had crept forth from the slime with which, after the flood, the Earth was covered; and in the caves of . Escuela flamenca, Museo del Prado; Patrimonio Nacional de Museos, Madrid, 1975, pp. Like the tales found in the Old Testament and Gilgamesh, in the Greek version, the flood is a punishment of humankind by the gods. Such was the Deluge survived by Deucalion and Pyrrha, and the flood and volcanic activity that buried Atlantean and early Athenian civilization under its waters. He trained with Raphael Soyer and Isaac Soyer, exhibited with . En: La belleza encerrada: de Fra Angelico a Fortuny, Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid, 2013, pp. Rubens was inspired by certain aspects of the frescos with which Raphael decorated the Villa Farnesina in Rome. Even though he was imprisoned, Prometheus who could see the future and had foreseen the coming of this flood told his son, Deucalion, to build an ark and, thus, they survived. 106 And when Zeus would destroy the men of the Bronze Age, Deucalion by the advice of Prometheus constructed a chest, 107 and having stored it with provisions he embarked . 2 As far as I can judge this name was not conferred upon the city when it was first settled, but originally it bore another name. Pandora herself is usually considered mother of the first mortal woman, Pyrrha. The surviving nature of Deucalion in the flood story, therefore shows that he is the hero of the story because he undergoes the stages of a hero's journey, which include the . and of Deucalion and Pyrrha, and had attempted to reckon the interval by generations since the great deluge. Discover Ministries and countless other "End Time" false prophets are claiming Ps 117=2017 the "Year of the LORD" This is a Lie. This time, Zeus, angry at the wickedness of the world, sends a great flood to destroy it. 2017 is the Satanic Jubilee, 50 years after the 1966-7 6th Tetrad and 6-Day War. 16.07.2014 - 05.01.2015, Captive Beauty. Greek version of table of nations has Hellen as son of Deucalion and Pyrrha - the Flood survivors, then his grandson Aegimius is speaking to Hercules, who himself descends from Perseus who was tenth generation after Inachus, who would seem to have been after the Flood. When the waters receded after nine days, he and his wife Pyrrha, were the one surviving pair of humans (source: Wikipedia). Gill is a Latinist, writer, and teacher of ancient history and Latin. after the Deluge, to tell of the lives of Deucalion and Pyrrha ; and he traced the genealogy of their descendants, and attempted to reckon how many years old were the events of which he was speaking, and to . Deucalion heeded his father's warning, and so constructed a chest in which he and his wife, Pyrrha, could live as the water rose. Softening the Stony: Deucalion, Pyrrha, and the Process of Regeneration in 'Paradise Lost, M.A., Linguistics, University of Minnesota. Baucis and Philemon offered hospitality to gods, were saved from flood, were turned into trees Ovid's Flood Myth (*) In Ancient Greek mythology, Deucalion () is the Biblical equivalent of Noah. Like the version from the Old Testament, in the Greek version, the flood is a mean to punish mankind. Barcelona The article discusses the reception of the Platonic concept of memory of ancient deeds in twelfth-century historical writing in the 'younger Europe'. Marriage// the weather love marital infidelity When the waters receded after nine days, he and his wife Pyrrha, were the one surviving pair of humans (source: Wikipedia). This painting is a sketch by Rubens for a . . Time passed and humanity continued to breed and spread, in Zeuss eyes more like a plague than the beloved playthings he had once adored. 3 In course of time. Pandora herself is usually considered mother of the first mortal woman, Pyrrha. 281-298. TIMAEUS. Inscribed in blue. Deucalion was a Greco-Roman demigod, who was the son of Prometheus. what was bilbo's big discovery about smaug after surviving the flood, deucalion and pyrrha exhibited Did the Flood cover the whole earth? Both himself and Pyrrha cried for help and for the humans to repopulate the Earth once more. The son of the immortal Titan Prometheus, Deucalion is warned by his father of the coming Bronze Age-ending flood, and he builds a small boat to carry him and his cousin-wife Pyrrha, the daughter of Prometheus' brother Epimetheus and Pandora to safety. Then you need a Stun Baton! When the waters rece ded after nine days, he and his wife Pyrrha, The protogenoi were the first generation(s) of the Greek pantheon and were often personifications of their domain: Gaia as the personified Earth, Ouranos the Heavens, Pontus and Thalassa the seas, Nyx the night, Erebus the primordial darkness, for Unfortunately, we have no way of knowing what evidence Anaximander used to support his ideas. involve Gilgamesh / Noah / Deucalion and Pyrrha-type delugessometimes even with the detail of one man and one woman surviving on a mountaintop or boat, . Maurice Dabbah Net Worth 2019, Does the Bible Borrow from a Greek Flood Legend? There are numerous empirical formulas and computational procedures for tc, without reference to a specific definition. Inscribed in pen and ink. Plato even went so far as to note that, "those who live upon the mountains and in dry and lofty places are more liable to destruction by fire, while those who dwell by rivers or on . after surviving the flood, deucalion and pyrrha exhibited after surviving the flood, deucalion and pyrrha exhibited. Was the massive ark seaworthy? But Moses, our prophet and the servant of God, in giving an account of the genesis of the world, related in what manner the flood came upon the earth, telling us, besides, how the details of the flood came about, and relating no fable of Pyrrha nor of Deucalion or Clymenus; nor, forsooth, that only the plains were submerged, and that those only . Similar myths are found in other parts of the world l ike China and Iran Like the tales found in the Old Testament and Gilgamesh, in the Greek version, the flood is a punishment of humankind by the gods. 105 He reigning in the regions about Phthia, married Pyrrha, the daughter of Epimetheus and Pandora, the first woman fashioned by the gods. Deucalion - Wikipedia Rubens y Ovidio'. The greek story of deucalion and pyrrha, who escaped from the flood and repeopled the earth by casting stones behind them, is familiar to classical readers. and of Deucalion and Pyrrha, and had attempted to reckon the interval by generations since the great deluge. famous murders in jacksonville, fl Gaia was one of the protogenoi - a primordial deity. The Greek story "Deucalion and Pyrrha" and the Bible story, Noah's Ark are both stories that revolve around a flood. S. VIe et Ses Oeuvres, Flammarion, Paris, 1903, pp. "(Myth, p. 187) Belle retreats from her world of books and isolation when she is driven to rescue her father who was captured . Hellen sired Aeolus (founder of the Aeolians), Dorus (founder of the Dorians), and Xuthus. It was Prometheus' son Deucalion and his wife Pyrrha who brought the human race back to life in the mountains of Thessaly after the great flood. Daz Padrn, Matas, Museo del Prado. Only Deucalion and his wife, Pyrrha, because of their piety, are allowed to survive. Parnassus, they discover that they are the only ones left. SHARES. ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/flood-myth-of-deucalion-and-pyrrha-119917. . Parnassus alone, of the mountains, overtopped the waves; and there Deucalion, son of Prometheus, and his wife Pyrrha, daughter of Epimetheus, found refugehe a just man and she a faithful worshiper of the gods. Certainly, and we will do all that we can; having been handsomely entertained by you yesterday, those of . Only Deucalion and Pyrrha survived for nine days of flooding. 106 And when Zeus would destroy the men of the Bronze Age, Deucalion by the advice of Prometheus constructed a chest, 107 and having stored it with provisions he embarked . Race of Hippomenes . Biography. n /; Ancient Greek: , romanized: Phathn, pronounced [pa..tn]), also spelled Phathon, was the son of the Oceanid Clymene and the sun god Helios in Greek mythology.His name was also used by the Ancient Greeks as an alternative name for the planet Jupiter, the motions and cycles of which were personified in poetry and myth. Un cuadro titulado 'Deucalion y Pirra' / Alto 0,27 ancho 0,42, Museo Nacional del Prado">Museo Nacional del Prado, Restoration of The Triumph of the Eucharist, by Rubens, Summary of the documentary 'Rubens. n /; Ancient Greek: , romanized: Phathn, pronounced [pa..tn]), also spelled Phathon, was the son of the Oceanid Clymene and the sun god Helios in Greek mythology.His name was also used by the Ancient Greeks as an alternative name for the planet Jupiter, the motions and cycles of which were personified in poetry and myth. Honey Baked Ham Sweet Potato Souffle Recipe, This story is told by the classical poet, Ovid, in his Metamorphoses. He trained with Raphael Soyer and Isaac Soyer, exhibited with . But Moses, our prophet and the servant of God, in giving an account of the genesis of the world, related in what manner the flood came upon the earth, telling us, besides, how the details of the flood came about, and relating no fable of Pyrrha nor of Deucalion or Clymenus; nor, forsooth, that only the plains were submerged, and that those only . . When the flood subsides, they go to the temple of Themis, the goddess of justice, and ask how they might restore the human . Baucis and Philemon offered hospitality to gods, were saved from flood, were turned into trees Ovid's Flood Myth Deucalion, however, was pious and spared from the wrath of the god. after surviving the flood, deucalion and pyrrha exhibited Deucalion and Pyrrha - The Collection - Museo Nacional del Prado Phaethon (/ f e. Vergara, Alejandro, 'P.P.Rubens. Was the massive ark seaworthy? Those thrown by Deucalion became men, and those thrown by his wife, Pyrrha, became women. Ancient Greek Flood Myth of Deucalion and Pyrrha - ThoughtCo 208-222 n.66. Fra Angelico to Fortuny 105 He reigning in the regions about Phthia, married Pyrrha, the daughter of Epimetheus and Pandora, the first woman fashioned by the gods. 123. . The other animals are spontaneously created from the earth. Deucalion and Pyrrha The flood theme is present in Greek mythology. According to the suit, heavy rains caused a landslide and some structural support damage near the Ark exhibit. Home; Fundamentos e Aplicaes; Programa de Pesquisa. after surviving the flood, deucalion and pyrrha exhibited 302. After surviving the flood, Deucalion and Pyrrha exhibited? Utanapishtim tells him about his recap of his life before he became immortal by building a boat that would survive the flood. This case would wonderfully exhibit the universality of the ancient figures and their staying power against time itself. Race of Hippomenes Time passed and humanity continued to breed and spread, in Zeuss eyes more like a plague than the beloved playthings he had once adored. Ovid then turns his focus to restoring humankind in the story of Deucalion and Pyrrha (I.313-415), which has parallels with various myths and stories found in other ancient literatures that tell of man's restoration after a flood. p. 41. Georgievska-Shine, Aneta Silver, Larry, Rubens, Velzquez, and the King of Spain, Ashgate, Surrey, 2014, pp.