Also, their optical transparency facilitates high-resolution imaging of blood vessels in the developing embryo. Microscopy-based lineage tracing can help illuminate how signaling pathways—such as those regulated by one-eyed pinhead—contribute to the “sculpting” of tissues and organs during embryo development. Breeding tanks typically feature a removable insert with holes that allow eggs to fall through. "Contemporary zebrafish transgenesis with Tol2 and application for Cre/lox recombination experiments." A common approach to unravel the gene networks that drive biology is to examine the consequences of manipulating genes. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have been used since the 1930’s in a range of biological studies, including investigations into environmental pollutants and health, embryo growth, brain function, and disease development. For example, neuronal activity can be tracked in whole brains of swimming, actively learning larvae, providing unprecedented views into cognitive processes like decision making (Kim et al, 2017). The first step in the morning is to remove the divider from between the male and female fish to initiate spawning. The protocol detailed in this work describes the application of phage therapy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in CF zebrafish embryos. By continuing to use our website or clicking “Continue”, you are agreeing to accept our cookies. 219-244. Organisms. If the problem continues, please, An unexpected error occurred. We recommend downloading the newest version of Flash here, but we support all versions 10 and above. Several zebrafish-specific gene expression databases that provide information about when and where genes are active in developing embryos are available. ", Felker, A., and C. Mosimann. Despite these caveats, several features of zebrafish—including the available genetic resources and transparency of the embryo—have proven useful in a variety of research applications. If that doesn't help, please let us know. For the first three days of life, zebrafish embryos develop inside of a chorion, which can impede manipulation of the embryo. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043850. Strategies for generating transgenic zebrafish are well established (Felker and Mosimann, 2016). The ICP-MS results showed that the zebrafish embryos can uptake Ti 3 C 2 T x in a dose dependent manner. Adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) were maintained according to standard laboratory procedures.19 Embryos and larvae were raised in embryo water (5 mM NaCl, 0.17 mM KCl, 0.33 mM CaCl 2, 0.33 mM MgSO 4) in an incubator at 28.5°C. Additional analysis tools have been developed to help parse and visualize expression data in useful ways. Zebrafish can indeed produce up to 300 embryos weekly, hence why they are referred to as prolific breeders (2). Compared to the opaque mouse embryo, where similar processes occur over days inside the mother, the zebrafish is an ideal system to observe embryogenesis live. PubMed PMID: 18845710. In addition, the Zebrafish Model Organism Database ZFIN actively curates information on mutants and other resources. In this video, we’ve discussed the basics of mating, setting up breeding tanks, and embryo handling. All rights reserved, Understanding Concentration and Measuring Volumes, Analysis of Apoptosis in Zebrafish Embryos by Whole-mount Immunofluorescence to, Metabolic Profile Analysis of Zebrafish Embryos, Time-lapse Live Imaging of Clonally Related Neural Progenitor Cells in the. Zebrafish are also amenable to manipulation of brain activity: optogenetic approaches can be used to determine the consequences of activating or silencing specific neurons in living larvae. of embryos, ranging from insects to vertebrates (e.g. Posted by Keller, Philipp J., et al. Evaluation of 14 organic solvents and carriers for screening applications in zebrafish embryos and larvae PLoS One. "Reconstruction of zebrafish early embryonic development by scanned light sheet microscopy. Olfactory cues from the male help to get his lady friend ready to spawn, while a little bit of mood lighting sets them both in action. They are important for your experiments! The zebrafish model is a powerful tool for studying developmental and apoptotic processes in vertebrates. Also in contrast to mice, the transparent zebrafish embryo develops outside of the mother, making them ideal for studying vertebrate embryogenesis. Ever since the discovery of gene silencing by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-induced RNA interference (RNAi) in worms and plants, a number of methods have been used to interfere with functions of gene products (without genetic manipulation) across organisms including Zebrafish. To collect early stage embryos the following morning, separate male and female fish with a divider, which stops them from breeding before you’re ready to begin an experiment. Then, using “egg water,” wash the embryos off the strainer into a petri dish. Science 360.6392 (2018): eaar3131. Zebrafish are also popular outside of developmental biology, and are particularly well-suited for neuroscience investigations. Zebrafish embryos, used as the species under study in this work, were raised within the acoustic field by the authors, allowing the biological effects on such early zebrafish embryos, at each developmental stage and within the ASWF creating the acoustic levitation (AL) technology used, to be studied. After spending the night together in a breeding tank, the fish will mate the following morning. Non-random integration into specific pre-determined regions is also possible using an alternative approach that exploits the bacteriophage integrase phiC31. ", Nüsslein-Volhard, Christiane. Later, these plates of fish are screened for morphological defects, such as the abnormal development shown here. The popular UAS/Gal4 and Cre/Lox gene regulatory systems have also been successfully implemented in zebrafish. This shows manual dechorionating (removing the shell) from 1 day old zebrafish embryos. Recently, gene expression in all cells of the developing zebrafish embryo has been mapped using single cell RNA sequencing approaches (Harland, 2018). Easier to house and care for than rodents. You’ve just watched JoVE’s video on zebrafish breeding and embryo handling. If you want more info regarding data storage, please contact gdpr@jove.com. These mutants are used extensively to study development and disease. Methods in cell biology. Now that you know how to obtain and care for zebrafish embryos, let’s explore some of the ways researchers use them for scientific discovery. 1 Transgenic fish provide excellent models of transplantable T-cell acute lymphoid leukemia 2 that could be used for assessing drug efficacy. Some protocols require a few additional steps for embryo maintenance. To see through this problem, scientists supplement the embryo water with PTU, which inhibits production of the pigment melanin. The external development of zebrafish embryos allows for genetic manipulation by microinjection of DNA, RNA, or gene knockdown reagents. (RNAi, in contrast, engages existing gene regulatory mechanisms to block activity and does not work easily in zebrafish.) If you would like to continue using JoVE, please let your librarian know as they consider the most appropriate subscription options for your institution’s academic community. One common and robust strategy uses a transposon called Tol2 to randomly integrate foreign DNA into the genome. El-Brolosy, Mohamed A., et al. In addition, zebrafish have been successful disease models, and are used to study human illnesses such as blood disorders, diabetes, cancer, and Alzheimer’s disease. Males have slimmer bodies with a slightly red hue, while females have bigger, silver bellies full of eggs. The chorion can be removed by treatment with the proteolytic enzyme, pronase, or by using forceps to remove it manually. Targeted mutation has been demonstrated in zebrafish using zinc-finger nucleases, TALENs, and more recently CRISPR/Cas9. To begin, combine adult fish in breeding tanks during the afternoon or evening. Phenotype-based high content screens (PHCS) using zebrafish embryos are widely used in rapid chemical toxicity testing, which can simultaneously assess multiple apical endpoints (e.g., mortality and malformation effects). Zebrafish eggs are fertilized and develop outside of the mother's body making visualization with high resolution imaging easier for researchers. PubMed PMID: 27443928. The rapid advances being made in gene editing utilizing the CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas9 (CRISPR- associated protein 9) system have led to increasing interest in the application of this technology in zebrafish embryos for gene knockout. Having learned how to identify male and female fish, it’s time to set up a cross. The zebrafish were handled in accordance with Guangdong state regulations on laboratory animal management A common approach to unravel the gene networks that drive biology is to examine the consequences of manipulating genes. Lineage tracing studies highlight how these advantages can translate into insights in developmental biology, and advances in this field and others are likely to continue with help from zebrafish. One reason for the success of zebrafish as a model organism is its amenability to genetic manipulation. The genetic material can then be used for downstream DNA amplification, identification, and analysis. In this Application Note, we describe the microinjection procedure for targeted knock-out and knock-in using the InjectMan ® 4 micromanipulator and FemtoJet 4 micro-injector, allowing for the efficient and rapid injection of hundreds of fish (medaka and zebrafish) zygotes. In recent years, zebrafish have been proposed as a cost-effective alternative to mammals such as rodents and dogs. With this technique, parental transfer of lipophilic contaminants may be mimicked. Other, Topics: By swirling the dish, you can concentrate the embryos in the center of the plate, making the pipetting easier. Advancing Biology with Zebrafish: Genetic Tools for Developmental Studies and More. Fluorescence techniques used to probe biomolecular dynamics and interactions of molecules in live zebrafish embryos are therefore highly sought-after to bridge molecular and developmental events. Please check your Internet connection and reload this page. Zebrafish are a small but powerful model system. A high-quality sequence assembly of the zebrafish genome was published in 2013, revealing that about 70% of human genes have a counterpart in zebrafish. When injected into zygotes, morpholinos complementary to a target mRNA inhibit its translation either by blocking initiation or splicing. ", Kim, Dal Hyung, et al. Although many protocols describe in detail the subcellular fraction… Another popular targeted gene deactivation method in zebrafish are short, modified oligonucleotides called morpholinos. Sequencing-based lineage tracing can help elucidate the gene networks that transform zygotes into adults and explain how signaling pathways control this process. In this study, we used the embryonic zebrafish model to assess the impacts of a … However, since exposures to radio frequency radiations (RFR) >2.4 GHz are still uncommon, concerns about their potential health impacts are ongoing. One reason for the success of zebrafish as a model organism is its amenability to genetic manipulation. These prolific fish can generate hundreds of offspring per week and many thousands over their lifetimes. The sequenced genome also permits “whole-genome/transcriptome” studies, in which, for example, the activity of all genes in response to an experimental treatment can be monitored. Due to their small size and the relatively simple nature of … PubMed PMID: 30944477. "Pan-neuronal calcium imaging with cellular resolution in freely swimming zebrafish. over other vertebrate models such as mice, which are less prolific and more expensive per individual to maintain. Several different methods have been developed, relying on established reagents such as CRISPR/Cas9, Tol2, and the high-quality sequenced zebrafish genome. Tools for gene manipulation together with information about the genome are powerful resources for investigating any biological process. Both dyes have shown potential for toxicity; however, there is no comprehensive understanding of their effects. In order to generate embryos, it helps to know a little bit about zebrafish mating behavior. We use/store this info to ensure you have proper access and that your account is secure. These embryos have the great advantage that they develop as \"see through\" embryos, that is, all internal development can be clearly observed from the outside in the living embryo. A JoVE representative will be in touch with you shortly. Additionally, methylene blue can be added to the water to prevent fungal growth. To illustrate some of the reasons that zebrafish have been embraced as a model organism, I’ll outline a few of the available genetic resources and highlight two recent breakthroughs in developmental biology that arose from zebrafish-based investigations. The ZEG has rapid extraction, with 96 embryos … Katherine W. Rogers is a postdoctoral researcher in Patrick Müller’s group at the FriedrichMiescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society in Tübingen, Germany. "The zebrafish issue of Development. To keep embryos healthy, make sure to keep the water in the petri dishes clean and free of debris. Harland, Richard M. "A new view of embryo development and regeneration." Why have zebrafish become such a popular model organism? ", Keller, Philipp J., et al. In the 1990’s, two revolutionary large-scale random mutagenesis screens produced ~1,500 zebrafish mutants that are still used in labs across the globe (Nüsslein-Volhard et al., 2012). Zebrafish mutants provide a blueprint for the effects of the loss of activity of proteins and, in combination with compound derivatization, can aid the development of drugs with greater specificity in whole animals. Farrell, Jeffrey A., et al. This feature protects the eggs from being eaten by hungry adult fish. A subscription to JoVE is required to view this content.You will only be able to see the first 20 seconds. INTRODUCTION. Thank you for taking us up on our offer of free access to JoVE Education until June 15th. "Genetic compensation triggered by mutant mRNA degradation." To highlight some of the features that make zebrafish useful, I’ll outline two recent lineage tracing approaches that led to important insights in developmental biology. "Genetic compensation triggered by mutant mRNA degradation." Understanding the function of these genes in fish will help clarify their roles in humans. PubMed PMID: 28892088. science 322.5904 (2008): 1065-1069. "Reconstruction of zebrafish early embryonic development by scanned light sheet microscopy." Zebrafish embryos exhibit unique characteristics, including ease of maintenance and drug administration, short reproductive cycle, and transparency that permits visual assessment of developing cells and organs. In summary, the ZEG device enables rapid genotyping of live zebrafish embryos and larvae, and animals are available for downstream applications, testing, or raising. The same technique can also be used to make transgenic fish in which specific structures are marked by the expression of fluorescent proteins. The origins, divisions, and movements of each of the thousands of cells in the developing zebrafish embryo have been tracked using microscopy and advanced computational approaches (Keller et al., 2008). These features give it a leg up (or a fin up?) Nature 568.7751 (2019): 193. The external development of zebrafish embryos allows for genetic manipulation by microinjection of DNA, RNA, or gene knockdown reagents. Wait approximately 15 - 30 minutes after pulling a divider to give the fish time to mate. Please check your Internet connection and reload this page. This method leads to uniform distribution of injected material throughout the embryo and can produce visible phenotypes resulting from the overexpression or loss of a protein. Random mutagenesis screens provided a major toehold into understanding how genes control biology (a fact celebrated by the Nobel prize committee). To prevent the fish from jumping out, be sure to cover the breeding tank with a lid. Zebrafish one to eight-cell embryos were microinjected with 6.5 ng VaDNA together with the firefly and Renilla reporter vectors as indicated in Legend to Figure 2 alone or in combination with 4 ng of the indicated morpholinos. PubMed PMID: 29853675. Zebrafish undergo sexual reproduction, so breeding requires both male and female fish. If the problem continues, please. She studies vertebratedevelopment using optogenetic approaches. We use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. Nature methods 14.11 (2017): 1107. Felker, A., and C. Mosimann. The use of zebrafish embryos to assess off-target effects of drugs. Kim, Dal Hyung, et al. Thanks for watching! Dead embryos will be opaque and should be removed daily. The Zebrafish Embryonic Genotyper (ZEG) is an automated microfluidic system that extracts genetic material from live zebrafish embryos. This video will cover the basics of embryo collection and handling before describing current research methods that take advantage of zebrafish embryos. Additionally, the small size of zebrafish embryos and larvae make them ideal for phenotypic chemical screening. Your access has now expired. Although a large batch of embryos is preferable for statistical analysis, this also requires a lot of work for egg processing and sorting. Copyright © 2021 MyJoVE Corporation. The JoVE video player is compatible with HTML5 and Adobe Flash. Unexpectedly, phenotypes sometimes differ depending on whether a gene is deactivated via mutation or morpholino. Then, leave the fish to acclimate to each other overnight. This method leads to uniform distribution of injected material throughout the embryo and can produce visible phenotypes resulting from the overexpression or … If a divider is not used, the fish will lay eggs shortly after light onset. Periodic mating keeps eggs healthy, but making all those eggs takes a lot of work, so individual females should only be mated once per week. PLoS ONE (2012-01-01) . "Contemporary zebrafish transgenesis with Tol2 and application for Cre/lox recombination experiments. We also discussed some research methods that take advantage of this powerful little embryo. PubMed, Farrell, Jeffrey A., et al. Once you’ve got your embryos, handle them with care. Additional mutagenesis projects have since been initiated and today thousands of mutations in genes affecting diverse biological processes—not just development—are available from strain distribution centers in the US, Europe, and China. Any time you need to move embryos from one dish to another, use a transfer pipet. Over a period of 24 hours, the externally fertilized zebrafish zygote transforms into an organism with a clearly established body plan including head, eyes, and tail. Tools for gene manipulation together with information about the genome are powerful resources for investigating any biological process. Let’s go over some pointers. "Pan-neuronal calcium imaging with cellular resolution in freely swimming zebrafish." Older browsers that do not support HTML5 and the H.264 video codec will still use a Flash-based video player. Guest Blogger on August 13, 2019. PubMed PMID: 29700225. Recently we showed the critical role of two members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins during early zebrafish development. Then, remove the adults from the tank by using a net or by lifting the tank insert and placing the fish into another tank. Academic Press, 2016. The exposure of zebrafish embryos was performed according to the exposure scenario described for the fish embryo acute toxicity test with the exception of 10 instead of 5 embryos per glass vial. The attributes of the zebrafish have established it as a powerful model for the study of vertebrate development. Live embryos expressing fluorescent proteins in specific cell types can be mounted and visualized with confocal microscopy, allowing researchers to examine cell movements in developing tissues over time. 135. We may use this info to send you notifications about your account, your institutional access, and/or other related products. Evaluation of 14 organic solvents and carriers for screening applications in zebrafish embryos and larvae. This study also showed that in the absence of the signaling pathway regulated by one-eyed pinhead, incorrect proportions of otherwise normal cell types are produced, rather than novel, abnormal cell types. Zebrafish or zebra danio (danio rerio) are seen as one of the latest \"models\" for vertebrate embryological development studies. This post was contributed by Katherine Rogers, a postdoctoral researcher at the Friedrich Miescher Lab of the Max Planck Society. Unable to load video. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6247916. Creating transgenic organisms by introducing foreign DNA into the genome is useful for a variety of applications. Morpholinos are a convenient and fast way to deactivate genes without spending months generating mutants. To learn more about our GDPR policies click here. Finally, the transparency of the zebrafish embryos makes them well suited for microscopy. But as the field of genetics progresses and genome sequences become available, new hypotheses about specific genetic interactions arise and tools to deactivate specific genes are needed. One example (which I will come back to) is the one-eyed pinhead mutant, which regulates a developmental pathway implicated in congenital heart defects and cancer. We outline broad applications of this method in: (i) visualizing the biomolecular distribution of whole embryos in three dimensions, (ii) resolving anatomical features at subcellular spatial resolution, (iii) biomolecular profiling and discrimination of wild type and ΔRD1 mutant Mycobacterium marinum strains in a zebrafish embryo model of tuberculosis and (iv) in vivo temporal monitoring of the wound … As the males chase the females around the tank, they stimulate spawning of eggs while releasing sperm into the water for fertilization. Bcl-2 proteins can be localized in different cellular compartments including mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum and their functional characterization often requires specific subcellular membrane fractionation. Rapid external development and transparent bodies make the embryos ideal for diverse applications. Next, pour the water and the embryos through a mesh tea strainer for collection. Finally, like many other animals, sensory processes guide mating behavior in fish. Science 360.6392 (2018): 967-968. This observation unlocked novel research into genetic compensation, a previously unknown mechanism of gene regulation (El-Brolosy et al., 2019). Naturally, the best model organism depends on the biological question, and zebrafish are not ideal for every application. Solvent Violet 47 (SV47) and Disperse Blue 14 (DB14) are two anthraquinone dyes that were previously used in different formulations for the production of violet-colored smoke. Vol. Nature 568.7751 (2019): 193. El-Brolosy, Mohamed A., et al. The rapid deployment of 5G spectrum by the telecommunication industry is intended to promote better connectivity and data integration among various industries. "Single-cell reconstruction of developmental trajectories during zebrafish embryogenesis. Epub 2012 Oct … One study profiled 38,731 cells from 694 embryos over multiple stages and reconstructed the patterns of gene activity and cell divisions that coordinate development of the body plan (Farrell et al., 2018). Here, embryos are loaded into 96-well plates and then treated with libraries of small molecules by adding the chemicals into the water. ", Harland, Richard M. "A new view of embryo development and regeneration. The acute toxicity of attached/absorbed Ti 3 C 2 T x was tested at concentrations of 25, 50, 100 and 200 μg mL −1. "Single-cell reconstruction of developmental trajectories during zebrafish embryogenesis." To ensure development proceeds at a normal pace, place the dishes in an incubator at 28.5 °C. Additionally, zebrafish begin to develop pigment by 24 hours, as shown here in this zebrafish larva, which can interfere with microscopy. 3 Transgenic zebrafish models of acute or chronic myeloid leukemia are still rare, and the models obtained so far could not be used for … Nüsslein-Volhard, Christiane. mouse, frog, fish). The potential application of the zebrafish embryo model is primarily the screening for endocrine disrupting compounds, by measuring the effect of exposure on hormone-responsive genes. Development 139.22 (2012): 4099-4103. Infection of Zebrafish Embryos with Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens Transparent zebrafish embryos have proved useful model hosts to visualize and functionally study interactions between innate immune cells and intracellular bacterial pathogens, such as Salmonella… 2012;7(10):e43850. Removed daily harland, Richard M. `` a new view of embryo development disease... Exploits the bacteriophage integrase phiC31 having learned how to identify male and female fish, it ’ s on! The basics of mating, setting up breeding tanks, and the embryos off the strainer into a petri.... To genetic manipulation robust applications of zebrafish embryos uses a transposon called Tol2 to randomly foreign. Will only be able to see the first step in the petri dishes clean and free of.... Expression of fluorescent proteins want more info regarding data storage, please let us know the question... Clarify their roles in humans reproduction, so breeding requires both male and female fish 5G spectrum by the industry! Reach out to our Guest Blogger on August 13, 2019 ) optimal of! Use tanks specifically designed for mating at a normal pace, place the dishes in an incubator 28.5... Felker and Mosimann, 2016 ) Genotyper ( ZEG ) is an automated microfluidic that... Postdoctoral researcher at the Friedrich Miescher Lab of the zebrafish embryonic Genotyper ( ZEG ) is an automated microfluidic that... In vertebrates fish will help clarify their roles in humans of a chorion, which can manipulation. Remove the divider from between the male and female fish to initiate.! Order to generate embryos, ranging from insects to vertebrates ( e.g of DNA, RNA, gene... To achieve an optimal density of 50 - 100 per dish data storage,,. Transgenic zebrafish are well established ( Felker and Mosimann, 2016 ), there is no understanding... Support all versions 10 and above work describes the application of phage therapy Pseudomonas. And handling before describing current research methods that take advantage of this powerful little embryo the following.... Gene expression databases that provide information about the genome removable insert with holes allow! Wait approximately 15 applications of zebrafish embryos 30 minutes after pulling a divider is not used, the zebrafish embryonic (..., and the H.264 video codec will still use a transfer pipet the mother making. Tanks, and C. Mosimann, this also requires a lot of work for egg processing and.. Regulation ( El-Brolosy et al., 2019 of blood vessels in the petri dishes clean and free of debris while! Optimal density of 50 - 100 per dish eaten by hungry adult fish in breeding tanks during the afternoon evening! Nobel prize committee ), combine adult fish gene regulation ( El-Brolosy et al., 2019 `` genetic,. Have established it as a cost-effective alternative to mammals such as CRISPR/Cas9,,., setting up breeding tanks typically feature a removable insert with holes that allow eggs to fall.! For gene manipulation together with information about when and where genes are in... Can then be used to make transgenic fish in which specific structures are marked by the telecommunication is. Drug efficacy is also possible using an applications of zebrafish embryos approach that exploits the bacteriophage integrase phiC31 proper and... While females have bigger, silver bellies full of eggs while releasing sperm into the genome are resources... Player is compatible with HTML5 and Adobe Flash embryonic development by scanned light sheet microscopy. necessary transfer. Of fluorescent proteins clicking “ Continue ”, you are agreeing to accept our cookies are powerful resources investigating... Up ( or a fin up? following morning and female fish, it s. This page petri dishes clean and free of debris to move embryos from one to! The Friedrich Miescher Lab of the pigment melanin powerful little embryo a cross and dogs designed mating... Behavior in fish become such a popular model organism depends on the biological question, and are well-suited..., harland, Richard M. `` a new view of embryo development and regeneration. to maintain healthy make! Their roles in humans set up a cross an automated microfluidic system that extracts genetic material from live zebrafish.... Felker and Mosimann, 2016 ) `` Pan-neuronal calcium imaging with cellular resolution freely... Technique, parental transfer of lipophilic contaminants may be necessary to transfer embryos dishes... Dead embryos will be in touch with you shortly one reason for the study of vertebrate development bellies full eggs. Application of phage therapy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in CF zebrafish embryos the Friedrich Miescher Lab the! Use our website in touch with you shortly ensure development proceeds at a normal pace place. Releasing sperm into the water well established ( Felker and Mosimann, )... A mesh tea strainer for collection for developmental studies and more expensive per individual to maintain and... Gene regulation ( El-Brolosy et al., 2019 ) like many other animals, sensory processes guide behavior! Into a petri dish hours, as shown here share 70 % of the family... Less prolific and more for toxicity ; however, there is no comprehensive understanding of their effects, such rodents... Sometimes differ depending on whether a gene is deactivated via mutation or.! Of work for egg processing and sorting wash the embryos ideal for every application content.You will only be to. The strainer into a petri dish methylene blue can be added to the water prevent... Zebrafish mating behavior be opaque and should be removed daily codec will still use a transfer pipet strategy uses transposon. Resources for investigating any biological process enhance your experience on our offer of free to... Sperm into the water and the high-quality sequenced zebrafish genome ’ s time to.... For assessing drug efficacy help clarify their roles in humans the applications of zebrafish embryos, the. Years, zebrafish have established it as a model organism manipulation together with about... The mother, making the pipetting easier the H.264 video codec will use. Is preferable for statistical analysis, this also requires a lot of for...
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