[177][178] Such groups have been allegedly responsible for violent attacks and suicide bombings at Shi'a gatherings at mosques and shrines, most notably in Iraq during the Ashura mourning ceremonies where hundreds of Shias were killed in coordinated suicide bombings,[179][180][181] but also in Pakistan and Afghanistan. At least seven Shi'a religious leaders-Abd al-Latif Muhammad Ali, Habib al-Hamid, Abd al-Latif al-Samin, Abdallah Ramadan, Sa'id al-Bahaar, Muhammad Abd al-Khidair, and Habib Hamdah Sayid Hashim al-Sadah-reportedly remained in prison for violating these restrictions. . The commonly-known term is shortened from the historical Shia't-Ali , or "the Party of Ali." This group is also known as Shiites or followers of Ahl al-Bayt or "People of the Household" (of the Prophet). [196] In response the Yemeni government has implemented a campaign to crush to the Zaidi-Shia rebellion"[197] and harass journalists. [97], Marc Lynch in his book The New Arab Wars: Uprisings and Anarchy in the Middle East, argues that as old regimes or political forces sought to control "the revolutionary upsurge" of the Arab Spring, sectarianism became a key weapon to undermine unity among the anti-regime masses. jasminefares Hamilton, Ontario The Shia argument is that Abu Hurairah was only a Muslim for four years of his life before Muhammad's death. Among those blaming the US invasion of Iraq are Fawaz Gerges, who writes in his book ISIS: A History, By destroying state institutions and establishing a sectarian-based political system, the 2003 US-led invasion polarized the country along Sunni-Shia lines and set the stage for a fierce, prolonged struggle driven by identity politics. Between 500,000 and a million Shia live there,[162] concentrated especially around the oases of Qatif and al-Hasa. In the 1980s, Ibrahim El-Zakzakya Nigerian admirer of the Iranian Revolution who lived in Iran for some years and converted to Shia Islamestablished the Islamic Movement of Nigeria. Wherever you go, we will catch you. 554. Iraq's unique place in the Sunni-Shia divide | Pew Research Center In response, Abd al Aziz sent Wahhabi missionaries to the Eastern Province, but he did not carry through with attempts at forced conversion. This central position was transferred to Iran during the Safavid era for two-and-a-half centuries, after which it partly returned to Najaf. [108] "Even Afghan Shia refugees in Iran", driven from Afghanistan by Sunni extremism, have "reportedly been recruited by Tehran for the war in Syria". This led to a wide gap between Iran and its Sunni neighbors, particularly its rival, the Ottoman Empire, in the wake of the Battle of Chaldiran. Faro particip en la Semana de la Innovacin 24 julio, 2019. ISIS. [120] Sunni suicide bombers have targeted not only thousands of civilians,[121] but mosques, shrines,[122] wedding and funeral processions,[123] markets, hospitals, offices, and streets. From the rules of both Sunni and Shia Islam, marriage between Sunni and Shia Muslim is allowed, and Sunni nikah is also recognized valid in Shia Islam; so it is not compulsory to change from this point. Privacy Policy Agreement * I agree to the Terms & Conditions and Privacy Policy. They also believe in a devil, angels, and demons. Arab states especially Saudi Arabia and GCC states have been funding extremist Deobandi Sunnis and Wahhabis in Pakistan, since the Afghan Jihad. The Shia constitute around 20% of Kuwait,[26][27] 45% of the Muslim population in Lebanon, 10% of Saudi Arabia,[27][28] 12% of Syria, and 10% of Pakistan. [85] With the involvement of Lebanese Shia paramilitary group Hezbollah, the fighting in Syria has reignited "long-simmering tensions between Sunnis and Shiites" spilling over into Lebanon and Iraq. Sunni and Shia Split: Conflict and Explanation - Study.com She is also an influencer on Instagram with a following of 269k. There are many intermarriages between Shia and Sunnis in Pakistan. She did her honours bachelor in science and later realised that this career path was not for her. There are over 2.5 million Muslims in the UK and the mosque has a central role in Islam. Trivia According to a report by the Human Rights Watch: Shia Muslims, who constitute about eight percent of the Saudi population, faced discrimination in employment as well as limitations on religious practices. [80], In addition to Iran, Iraq has emerged as a major Shia government when the Twelvers achieved political dominance in 2005 under American occupation. Some Wahabi groups, often labeled as takfiri and sometimes linked to Al-Qaeda, have even advocated the persecution of the Shia as heretics. Menu. According to scholar Vali Nasr, Saudi textbooks "characterize Shiism as a form of heresy worse than Christianity and Judaism. *SHE FREAKED OUT* 258,911 views 1 year ago Popular. PEW RESEARCH CENTER Global Survey of Muslims Q87, Q87IRN. [199][200][201], A March 2015 suicide bombing of two mosques (used mainly by supporters of the Zaidi Shia-led Houthi rebel movement), in the Yemeni capital of Sanaa, killed at least 137 people and wounded 300. [156], Syria is approximately three quarters Sunni,[157] but its government is predominantly Alawite, a Shia sect that makes up less than 13% of the population. Ab anfa, for example, was imprisoned by al-Mansur and tortured. [111] One Sunni belief shared by Jordan's King Abdullah as well as his then Defense Minister Shaalan is that Shia numbers in Iraq were inflated by Iranian Shias crossing the border. Visit our, Well for the gorgeous Jasmine Fares she decided against this and chose to not have the big day. In conservative Sunni monarchies (especially those with restless Shia populations) dislike and suspicion of Iran, the Shia bastion, is running higher than ever. By continuing to use this website you are giving consent to cookies being used. jasmine and dawoud shia or sunni - regalosdemiparati.com Jasmine and Dawoud didnt set their goal on a fancy wedding but instead, used that money to buy a house. If you go up we will pull you down by your feet; if you hide below, we will pull you up by your hair. They ended their vlog explaining how they wouldnt just not have a wedding and do nothing after that. [56], Many Shia Iranians migrated to what is now Iraq in the 16th century. ", "Islam and Iran: A Historical Study of Mutual Services Part 2", "Four Centuries of Influence of Iraqi Shiism on Pre-Safavid Iran", "A Study of the Migration of Shi'i Works from Arab Regions to Iran at the Early Safavid Era. During this period, the Shia in Iran were nourished from Kufa, Baghdad and later from Najaf and Al Hillah. A psychology graduate in my former life now enjoying being a stay-at-home mum. This is the nature of monarchy, which is rejected by Islam. Although he accompanied Muhammad for only four years, he managed to record ten times as many hadiths as Abu Bakr and Ali each. [153] Polemics critical of Sunnis were reportedly being produced in Arabic for dissemination in the Arab Muslim world by Hojjatieh-aligned elements in the Iranian regime. Although reformist President Mohammad Khatami promised during his election campaign to build a Sunni mosque in Tehran, none was built during his eight years in office. The beautiful couple planned a lush honeymoon and they also bought a house! [124] Sunni insurgent organizations include Ansar al-Islam. Not even a single terrorist group is run by them, excluding the one Run b. Jasmine & Dawoud @JasmineFares 591K subscribers Subscribe Home Videos Shorts Playlists Community Channels About I FINALLY pranked my wife! Historically, the inner rifts within Islamic ideology were to be hidden from the public sphere, while the new violent outbreaks highlight said rift in an obvious manner and is nourished by the two extremes of their mutual rivalry which will strongly affect both globally and regionally. Your email address will not be published. [255], Shia militias fighting ISIS have also been accused of atrocities. Religion: Islam. Sunni-Shia Harmony | August 12, 2016 | Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly | PBS Neighboring Iran is home to the world's largest Shia population: Between 90% and 95% of Iranian Muslims (66-70 million people) were Shias in 2009, according to our estimate from that year. [235], Malaysia claims to be a tolerant Islamic state, however since 2010 it has banned the preaching of Shia Islam, with a "particular ferocity"[236] and warns against Shiism with its, "evil and blasphemous beliefs". While Shias and Sunnis differ on the nature of the Mahdi, many members of both groups[34] believe that the Mahdi will appear at the end of the world to bring about a perfect and just Islamic society. "Today, Azerbaijan is probably the only country where there are still mixed mosques and Shia and Sunnis pray together. jasmine and dawoud shia or sunni - nguyenminhtoan.com Contrary to popular rhetoric, our interviews of 50 young Muslim adults show that many . Between 10% and 13% are Shia Muslims, and 87% to 90% are Sunni Muslims. [75], Sunni razzias which came to be known as Taarajs virtually devastated the community. [128] An al-Qaeda-affiliated website posted a call for "a full-scale war on Shiites all over Iraq, whenever and wherever they are found. The anti-Shia Afghan Taliban regime helped anti-Shia Pakistani groups and vice versa. Since the late 20th Century, complex political problems have been turned into sectarian issues by the parties involved, particularly in parts of the Middle East and Asia. [110] However, Sunni are split ethnically among Arabs, Kurds and Turkmen. In retaliation, troops killed more than 300 Shiites in the city of Zaria. jasmine and dawoud shia or sunnititelseite zeitung erstellen. In contrast, mainstream Sunnis believe the Mahdi will be named Muhammad, be a descendant of Muhammad, and will revive the faith, and forms an important component of Sunni eschatology, his appearance being considered the last of the minor signs of the Day of Judgment before its major signs. [143][144], Members of the 'Balochistan Peoples Front' claim that Sunnis are systematically discriminated against educationally by denial of places at universities, politically by not allowing Sunnis to be army generals, ambassadors, ministers, prime minister, or president, religiously insulting Sunnis in the media, economic discrimination by not giving import or export licenses for Sunni businesses while the majority of Sunnis are left unemployed. Fourth, through the scholars of Jabal Amel residing in that region, or in Iraq, during the 16th and 17th centuries who later migrated to Iran.[63]. Saudi Arabia backed Iraq in the 19801988 war with Iran and sponsored militants in Pakistan and Afghanistan whothough primarily targeting the Soviet Union, which had invaded Afghanistan in 1979also fought to suppress Shia movements. [2] The division between Sunnis and Shi'as is the largest and oldest in the history of Islam. This has been described as unity of traditionalists in the face of the twin threats of "secularism and colonialism. Around 10% of Afghanistan, less than 5% of the Muslims in Nigeria, and around 5% of population of Tajikistan are Shia. [136], The violence shows little sign of getting opposite sides to back down. After the Mongol invasion Shiims and Sufism once again formed a close association in many ways. First, through the Asharis[clarification needed] at the end of the 7th and during the 8th century. Required fields are marked *. According to scholar Vali Nasr, as the Muslim world was decolonialised and Arab nationalism lost its appeal, fundamentalism blossomed and reasserted the differences and conflicts between the two movements, particularly in the strict teachings of Sunni scholar Ibn Taymiyyah. They both explained how owning a home was much more important to them than having an enormous expensive wedding. "[215] From January to May 1997, Sunni terror groups assassinated 75 Shia community leaders "in a systematic attempt to remove Shias from positions of authority. [237], In late 2006 or early 2007, in what journalist Seymour Hersh called The Redirection, the United States changed its policy in the Muslim world, shifting its support from the Shia to the Sunni, with the goal of "containing" Iran and as a by-product bolstering Sunni extremist groups. [66] The Shias accept some of the same hadiths used by Sunnis as part of the sunnah to argue their case. A post shared by J A S M I N E F A R E S (@jasminefares). 3. hernie inguinale traitement kin; jasmine and dawoud shia or sunni. jasmine and dawoud shia or sunni - zaiqakimehak.com [108] [236], Conflict between religious groups in the Middle East have spread to the Australian Muslim community[242][243][244][245][246] and within Australian schools.[247]. The Mahdi is the prophesied redeemer of Islam. The origin of Shia Islam initially arose in response to the succession to Muhammad, and whether Ali ibn Abi Talib or a more experienced member of the Quraysh tribe should succeed. There were many between 1904 and 1908. [255] In Qatari another Shiite preacher, Nazar al-Qatari, "put on military fatigues to rally worshipers after evening prayers," calling on them to fight against the slayers of Imams Hasan and Hussein (the second and third Imams of Shia history) and for Iran's supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. Theology intertwines with . Since taking political power in 1979, Irans Shia clergy has been supporting the Shia Muslims of Iraq, Lebanon and Syria. An episode of a satirical Saudi TV series highlighting mixed Sunni-Shia families has sparked wide debate about the issue on social media, writes the BBC's Nesrine Kamal. [224] As of 2017, estimates of the number of Nigeria's 9095million Muslims who are Shia vary from between 20million (Shia estimate), to less than five million (Sunni estimate)[225] but according to Pew research center, less than 5% of the Muslim population in Nigeria are Shia.[14]. Your email address will not be published. What's the difference between Sunni and Shi'a Muslims? - CREST Research Jasmine & Dawoud (@jasmineanddawoud) on TikTok | 32M Likes. 0. jasmine and dawoud shia or sunni We don't have accurate statistics because in much of the Middle East it is not convenient to have them, for ruling regimes in particular. [259], Effort to bring unity between Sunni and Shia Muslims had been attempted by Allama Muhammad Taqi Qummi.[88]. [252] In June 2014, the New York Times wrote that as ISIS has "seized vast territories" in western and northern Iraq, there have been "frequent accounts of fighters capturing groups of people and releasing the Sunnis while the Shiites are singled out for execution". [39][40][41][42][43], Twelver Shia as the main branch of Shia Islam[44][45] permit Nikah mutah[46][47]fixed-term temporary marriagewhich is not acceptable within the Sunni community, the Ismaili Shia or the Zaidi Shia and is believed a planned and agreed fornication. [172] However, Shia continue to be arrested for commemorating Ashura as of 2006. History records 10 such Taarajs also known as Taraj-e-Shia between the 15th and 19th centuries in 1548, 1585, 1635, 1686, 1719, 1741, 1762, 1801, 1830, 1872 during which the Shia habitations were plundered, people slaughtered, libraries burnt and their sacred sites desecrated.[76]. roger clemens baseball cards for sale. In 2003, when Saddam was overthrown, Iraqi Shia celebrated. The book, which "became the gospel of Deobandi militants" in the 1980s, attacked Khomeini and argued the excesses of the Islamic revolution were proof that Shiism was not the doctrine of misguided brothers, but beyond the Islamic pale. Right? Tens of thousands of Iranians and Arabs of Iranian origin were expelled in 1979 and 1980 and a further 75,000 in 1989.[117]. Forever grateful for all of Allahs blessings. Muslims who wanted to select his successor, or Caliph, by following the traditional Arab custom (Sunna) formed into a group known as Sunnis. Jasmine Fares is a Lebanese 25 year old, who currently lives in Toronto. They both agree on the fundamentals of Islam and share the same Holy Book (The Qur'an ), but . Sunnis and Shia: Islam's ancient schism - BBC News BBC Teach > Secondary Resources > KS3 Religious Studies / GCSE Religious Studies. The present demographic breakdown between the two denominations is difficult to assess and varies by source, with most approximations stating that 90% of the world's Muslims are Sunni and 10% are Shia, with most Shias belonging to the Twelver tradition and the rest divided between many other groups. Shias do not accept many Sunni hadiths unless they are also recorded in Shia sources or the methodology can be proven of how they were recorded. In Shia Islam, "the Mahdi symbol has developed into a powerful and central religious idea. [133][134][135] According to the British television Channel 4, from 2005 through early 2006, commandos of the Ministry of the Interior which is controlled by the Badr Organization, and, who are almost exclusively Shia Muslimshave been implicated in rounding up and killing thousands of ordinary Sunni civilians. ; hyrule warriors: zeit der verheerung schnell leveln Malise Ruthven writes that the post invasion de-Ba'athification by the US occupiers deprived Iraq of "the officer class and administrative cadres that had ruled under Saddam Hussein, leaving the field to sectarian-based militias". [115] In 1969 the son of Iraq's highest Shia Ayatollah Muhsin al-Hakim was arrested and allegedly tortured. Until recently ShiaSunni relations have been cordial, and a majority of people of both sects participated in the creation the state of Pakistan in the 1940s. #duet with @mollymashes I love when she goes crazy | TikTok [64], Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi was another eminent scholar, killed in Aleppo on charges of cultivating Batini teachings and philosophy. 03.10. best scope for savage mark ii 22lr . After the death of Muhammad in 632, a group of Muslims, who would come to be known as the Sunnis, believed that Muhammad's successor should be Abu Bakr, whereas a second group of Muslims, who would come to be known as the Shias, believed that his successor should have been Ali. [114], The Shia suffered indirect and direct persecution under post-colonial Iraqi governments since 1932, erupting into full-scale rebellions in 1935 and 1936. But here in the United States, members of the two major branches of Islam . What kind of music do you listen to? Many libraries and madrasahs were destroyed and Sunni scholars migrated to other Islamic areas such as Anatolia and Egypt. Takfir motivation for many of these killings may come from Sunni insurgent leader Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. Shia jurisprudence books were banned, the traditional annual Shia mourning procession of Ashura was discouraged, and operating independent Islamic religious establishments remained illegal. Sunnis and Shias: What's the story? - BBC Teach - BBC - Home [217], An example of an early ShiaSunni fitna shootout occurred in Kurram, one of the tribal agencies of the Northwest Pakistan, where the Pushtun population was split between Sunnis and Shia. [108] In Syria, a Shia minoritythe heterodox Alawi sect that makes up only about 13 percent of the populationdominate the upper reaches of the government, military and security services in Syria, and are the "backbone" of the forces fighting to protect the Bashar al-Assad regime in Syria's civil war. August 12, 2016. Under Hafez al-Assad, Alawites dominated the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, a secular Arab nationalist party which had ruled Syria under a state of emergency from 1963 to 2011. Sunni-Shi'a Split - Christian Research Institute Robin Wright and Peter Baker, "Iraq: Jordan Sees Threat to the Election from Iran", according to pro-Khomeini author Abdel-Majid Trab Zemzem, in his book, over half of the 20,000 fatalities worldwide from terrorism in 2006 occurred in Iraq according to the American National Counter-terrorism Center, Robert Baer, "The Devil You Think You Know,", Al-Jazeera discussion between Qardawi and Rafsanjani, "The country's minority Shia populations form a majority in the country's oil rich eastern province of Hasa", Toby Jones, `The Iraq Effect in Saudi Arabia,`, BBC monitoring service from March 1980 quoted in. traditional elders and notables. diensthost wpnuserservice. He thus had to enforce official Shiism violently, putting to death those who opposed him. [86] Bulgaria's ex-Ambassador Dimitar Mihaylov further claims that the current post-Arab Spring situation (encompassing ISIS, the Syrian civil war, Yemen, Iraq and others) represents a "qualitatively new" development in the history of Shi'a-Sunni dynamics. [146], Members of Sunni groups in Iran however have been active in what the authorities describe as terrorist activities. According to one estimate, of the approximately 1,200 foreign fighters captured in Syria between summer 2003 and summer 2005, 85% were Saudis. "[216] Lashkar-e-Jhangvi has declared Shia to be "American agents" and the "near enemy" in global jihad. Hijab model who shares the latest in Muslim women's fashion with 550,000 followers on Instagram. A mum blessed with 4 wonderful, super naughty children. Shia theology has two concepts that define religion as a whole. [138], Another reflection of grassroots Wahhabi or Saudi antipathy to Shia was a statement by Saudi cleric Nasir al-Umar, who accused Iraqi Shias of close ties to the United States and argued that both were enemies of Muslims everywhere.[176]. Has Multiculturalism Really Failed? A Canadian Muslim Perspective - MDPI d) during the Fatimid Caliphate to Persia. Under this pressure, Safavid subjects either converted or pretended to convert, but it is safe to say that the majority of the population was probably genuinely Shia by the end of the Safavid period in the 18th century, and most Iranians today are Shia, although there is still a Sunni minority. [240] One analyst told CNN that the US strategy on putting pressure on Iran by arming its Sunni neighbors is not a new strategy for the United States. "[165], Government policy has been to allow Shia their own mosques and to exempt Shia from Hanbali inheritance practices. jasmine and dawoud shia or sunni Shia in India faced persecution by some Sunni rulers and Mughal Emperors which resulted in the killings of Shia scholars like Qazi Nurullah Shustari[77] (also known as Shaheed-e-Thaalis, the third Martyr) and Mirza Muhammad Kamil Dehlavi[78] (also known as Shaheed-e- Rabay, the fourth Martyr) who are two of the five martyrs of Shia Islam. Shias were also persecuted during the Ba'ath Party rule, especially under Saddam Hussein. However, Shia discontent has resurfaced in recent years with street demonstrations and occasional low-level violence. [192], Muslims in Yemen include the majority Shafi'i (Sunni) and the minority Zaidi (Shia). Finally, his efforts and contacting with scholars such as Mahmud Shaltut and Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi led to the founding of Dar-al-Taghrib (community for reforming unity between Sunni and Shia Muslims). Anger against the United States was also fueled by the humiliating disbandment of the Iraqi army and the de-Baathification law, which was first introduced as a provision and then turned into a permanent article of the constitution.[97]. The Sunni Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant movement claimed responsibility, issuing a statement saying: "Let the polytheist Houthis know that the soldiers of the Islamic State will not rest until we have uprooted them." A series of short films in which Kaisan and Naeem (both 12 year's old) and 11-year-old Sara explain the traditions and beliefs of their Muslim faith. Saudi officials had no comment about Ahmadinejad's statements, but the Saudi official government news agency did say: The two leaders affirmed that the greatest danger presently threatening the Islamic nation is the attempt to fuel the fire of strife between Sunni and Shiite Muslims, and that efforts must concentrate on countering these attempts and closing ranks.[258]. Iran is unique in the Muslim world because its population is overwhelmingly more Shia than Sunni (Shia constitute 95% of the population) and because its constitution is theocratic republic based on rule by a Shia jurist. Shia constitute about 10 to 15 percent of all Muslims, and globally their population is estimated at less than 200 million. [2] Sunnis are a majority in almost all Muslim communities around the world. Article by Sayyid 'Ali ibn 'Ali al-Zaidi. In September 1996 more than 200 people were killed when a gun battle between teenage Shia and Sunni escalated into a communal war that lasted five days. As well as this they found that it was not worth spending on other people. [94], In a milestone for the two countries' relations, on 3 March 2007 King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia and President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad held an extraordinary summit meeting. Even so, by the thirteenth to fourtheenth century, Sunni and Shiite practices remained highly intertwined and figures today commonly associated with Shia Islam, such as Ali and Jafar al-Sadiq, played an almost universal role for Muslim believers to understand the unseen (Al-Ghaib).[51]. [29], Shias are about 5-to-10 percent of the entire Muslim world. [96] "Where Iranian revolutionaries saw Islamic revolutionary stirrings, Sunnis saw mostly Shia mischief and a threat to Sunni predominance. Twelvers believe that Mutah was permitted until Umar forbade it during his rule. The majority of Iranians turned to Shi'ism from the Safawid period onwards. jasmine and dawoud shia or sunni - faro.com.pe These duties are Shahada (profession of faith), salat (prayers), Zakt (giving of alms), Sawm (fasting, specifically during Ramadan) and Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca). The Shia faith in the Levant started spreading during the Hamdanid rule, which commenced in the start of the 10th century. This new strictness was spread not only among Saudis in the kingdom but thousands of students and Saudi funded schools and international Islamist volunteers who came to training camps in Peshawar Pakistan in the 1980s to learn to fight jihad in Afghanistan and went home in the 1990s to fight jihad. [218], "Over 80,000 Pakistani Islamic militants have trained and fought with the Taliban since 1994. [225][229][230] As of 2019, El-Zakzaky was still imprisoned. Please enter your username or email address to reset your password. ShiaSunni conflict in Yemen involves the Shia insurgency in northern Yemen.[17]. [99] Dr. Christopher Davidson argues that the current crisis in Yemen is being egged on by the US, and could be part of a wider covert strategy to spur fragmentation in Iran allies and allow Israel to be surrounded by weak states. [21], Shias make up the majority of the Muslim population in Iran (around 90%), Azerbaijan (around 65%),[22] Iraq (around 55%) and Bahrain (around 60% of the citizens, excluding expatriates). A relative of mine (born Shia) started listening to Mufti Menk and my relative no longer celebrates the birthdays of Ahlul Bayt AS nor does he mourn the shahadat days. jasmine and dawoud shia or sunni [169], Following the 1979 Iranian Revolution, Shia in Hasa ignored the ban on mourning ceremonies commemorating Ashura. Hassan-i Sabbah conquered fortresses and captured Alamut in 1090. But for Sunnis, Ashura is a fasting day to remember the day Nuh (Noah) left the ark and the day that Musa (Moses) was saved from the Egyptians by Allah.
42032763ff68fa24d2fc27a881 Matthew Tinker Family, Articles J